When people think of nuclear weapons, generally the thought that comes into their minds is a massive mushroom cloud over Hiroshima, or the tests in the southwest, or the islands in the pacific. However, the likelihood of a terrorist attack using a military nuclear weapon is extremely remote. Even well-funded terrorists have attempted to obtain nuclear weapons on the black market offering 2 billion dollars for a nuclear warhead, yet they were unable to obtain one. This program today will provide you factual information and an understanding of the real threat, and how you can reasonably protect yourself in a worst-case scenario. Knowledge about radiological weapons will go a long way in protection in the event a disaster should occur. The real threat lies with a radiological weapon and radiological dispersion devices, or RDD.

Alpha particles are composed of two neutrons and two protons. Alpha particles cannot penetrate the skin, and can be shielded by a thin layer of paper or clothing. If an alpha particle does come in contact with living tissue either through inhalation, a wound, or ingestion, the alpha particles can do localized damage to the tissue. Alpha particles will not travel very far from the alpha emitter. Alpha is a large particle, it's positive, actually you don't need protection with alpha radiation. It doesn't penetrate clothing or skin. The main hazard would be if you ingest it, or inhale it.

Beta radiation, unlike alpha radiation, is moderately penetrating. It will penetrate to the germinal layer where new skin cells are produced. If beta particles or emitters are allowed to stay on the skin they may cause skin injuries similar to a burn, and if internalized will cause damage to the internal tissue of the body. Personal protective equipment will provide some protection for most beta radiation. Beta particles can travel a meter or so from the beta emitter.

Gamma radiation is extremely penetrating. It will penetrate most materials. An easy way of thinking about gamma radiation is to think of an x-ray. Gamma radiation constitutes both an external and internal hazard for humans. Dense materials like lead are needed to shield against Gamma radiation. PPE provides little protection, but should still be worn because alpha and beta particles often accompany gamma radiation. Gamma rays can travel relatively far from its source. Many companies use gamma radiation to sterilize medical equipment such as intravenous fluid, gauze, band-aids, and myriads of other medical supplies all sterilized using gamma radiation.